The Rwanda-backed M23 rebel group and its allies have been accused of targeting journalists, activists, and civil society leaders in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Since capturing Goma in late January 2025, the armed group has detained, threatened, and attacked individuals critical of their rule.
Human Rights Watch reported that M23 fighters, along with the allied Alliance Fleuve Congo (AFC), have raided homes and made death threats. These actions have severely undermined press freedom and silenced civil society groups operating in the region.
The violence has escalated in North and South Kivu provinces, where M23 fighters have allegedly carried out summary executions. Among the victims was a singer and activist who was killed at his home.
Five other men, reportedly forced into labor, were also executed by M23 forces. Witnesses say the group has used fear and violence to maintain control over occupied areas.
“The Rwanda-backed M23 is harassing and attacking activists, journalists, and peaceful critics in areas under their control,” said Clémentine de Montjoye, senior Great Lakes researcher at Human Rights Watch. She stressed the need to protect press freedom and civil society in occupied areas.
Human Rights Watch has gathered evidence from interviews with over two dozen Congolese activists and journalists. They reviewed phone call recordings, screenshots of threats, and video footage of speeches made by M23 and AFC officials.
Over 200 activists have sought protection since the M23 launched its offensive on Goma in January. The situation worsened in February when the rebel group captured Bukavu, the provincial capital of South Kivu.
International humanitarian law requires M23 and AFC forces, along with the Rwandan government, to protect civilians in occupied areas. They are obligated to allow journalists and civil society members to work freely without fear of violence or repression.
However, reports indicate that M23 fighters have carried out executions of suspected supporters of the Congolese armed forces. In addition to killings, homes have been looted, and individuals accused of opposing the group have been violently attacked.
A Goma resident described being beaten by M23 fighters on January 29 after being accused of collaborating with their enemies. “They beat me with sticks on my back all day,” the victim said. “I can’t walk anymore. They attacked me and looted my house.”
The continued presence of M23 and its allies has deepened the crisis in eastern Congo. The group has imposed strict control over media, silencing journalists and threatening those who report on abuses.
Activists have also been forced to flee for their safety. Many have gone into hiding, fearing retaliation for their criticism of the armed group.
The AFC has replaced police and government institutions in areas under its control. Residents say the group’s rule is marked by intimidation, violence, and suppression of free speech.
On March 5, Human Rights Watch requested a response from Rwandan authorities regarding these findings. However, no reply was received at the time of publication.
The international community has called for immediate action to protect civilians and journalists in eastern Congo. Human rights groups stress the need for accountability and demand an end to attacks on free speech and civil society.
Despite these calls, M23 continues to expand its control over key territories. The lack of intervention has raised concerns about further instability in the region.
Local organizations are urging world leaders to take stronger measures against those responsible for these abuses. They warn that failure to act could lead to even more violence and human rights violations.
For now, those in occupied territories remain at risk. With ongoing repression and threats, the call for justice and protection has never been more urgent.
